Childcare and child development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8387 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? IDENTIFY ONE PIECE OF LEGISLATION, WHICH PROMOTES THE CHILDRENS RIGHTS IN YOUR SETTING One piece of legislation that promotes the childrens rights in my setting is the Data Protection Act 1998. This legislation gives everyone the right to know what information is held about them and it provides a framework to ensure that personal information is handled properly. One of its purposes is to safeguard the fundamental rights of individuals. The Act works in two ways, firstly it states that anyone who processes personal information must follow the eight principles below to make sure that the personal information is: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childcare and child development" essay for you Create order Fairly and lawfully processed Processed for limited purposes Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate and up to date Not kept for longer than is necessary Processed in line with your rights Secure Not transferred to other countries without adequate protection Secondly, the Act provides everyone with important rights; these include the right to find out what personal information is held about them on computers and most paper records. It also gives the individual the right to complain if they are denied access to their personal information or feel that their information has not be handled according to the eight principles I have stated above. The Data Protection Act 1998 affects the way I run my setting. I have to ensure that: Any personal information I have is kept confidential and stored in a locked filing cabinet and I only can access it. I am careful when discussing with parents anything confidential that no-one is around to overhear our conversation, including in person or on the telephone All personal information I hold is relevant to my setting and is kept up to date I do not keep any information longer than necessary No data that I hold can be used or passed onto other parties without written consent from the parent Parents have the right to request access to my records at any time, but they can only see the information held about themselves and their children My confidentiality policy covers the above please see Appendix 1 Every organisation that processes personal information must notify the Information Commissioners Office (ICO) unless they are exempt; failure to notify is a criminal offence. I am exempt because no personal information I keep is stored on a computer. The only information I store on the computer is my accounts. If you had to notify they have now made changes to the notification fee structure that came into effect on 1st October 2009, it is now a tiered fee structure to reflect the costs of the ICO regulating data controllers of different sizes. DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PRACTITIONER IN MEETING THE INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF ALL CHILDREN It is important that the practitioner meets the individual needs of all the children. To do this the practitioner first needs to know what the childrens individual needs are and this can be found out by talking to the parents and getting them to fill in My Special Book, any observations that you carry out, any other professionals involved with the child and liaising with any other settings that the child attends. If the child is old enough they may also be able to tell you. It is important to speak to the parents regularly and keep updated in any changes to the childrens interests and needs or home life. The ways that I use are: Email an effective way to send a quick message, but some parents may not have access to a computer. Newsletters can be a great way to keep parents informed of some of the activities the children have been doing; events and festivals planned; holiday dates and any other information the practitioner wants to tell the parents. Letters to the Parents if there are things you need to inform them of privately a letter would be best. In addition, the parents may have a hearing impairment and may not be able to use another form of communication. Telephone conversation this is best done at the end of the day when the practitioner and the parents have uninterrupted time to discuss things. You will need to make sure who can overhear the conversation so that you can maintain confidentiality. Face-to-Face you can arrange a meeting on neutral territory to discuss any concerns but again you need to maintain confidentiality and make sure you are not overheard. Daily diary keeping the parents informed of the activities the child has done during the day, along with sleep times, healthy food, snacks and drinks, nappy changes and any other information the parents need to know. The parents can also add anything to the diary that has happened at home that you need to know e.g. any accidents, broken nights sleep, teething, whether they have had breakfast etc. Text the quickest way to communicate, it can also be invaluable to someone with a hearing impairment. Most people nowadays have a mobile phone. It is also important to find out and respect the views of all the children to make them feel valued and not ignored this in turn promotes their self-esteem. I talk to the children about what interests them and what they think of things. We often play games that allow the children to air their views and opinions and I use this knowledge to enhance their learning and development. To be able to meet all the childrens needs you first need to understand what their rights are. There is a lot of legislation that promotes children rights but quite simply every child has a right to have their basic needs met for food, warmth and hygiene, but you also need to provide a nurturing environment where the children can rest, play and develop to their full potential. Maslows Hierarchy of needs is one of the best-known descriptions of needs. It identifies five basic needs and shows how higher needs are not considered until the lower level needs have been met. Self-actualisation (Achieving individual potential) Esteem (Self-esteem and esteem from others) Belonging (Love, affection, being a part of groups) Safety (Shelter, removal from danger) Physiological (Health, food, sleep) Diagram copied from Maslows Hierarchy at Changingminds.org It is important to know the difference between a want and a need. A Need is something that we cannot do without, like sleep, food and love. A Want is something that is desired at the time but is not essential and we can in fact do without. To make sure I meet all the childrens individual needs I take into consideration the ages of the children, their stage of development and abilities and whether they need to sleep or have quiet time when planning my daily routine, I make sure that I incorporate all their needs into my daily routine. The children need a daily routine to help them feel secure and they get to know what is happening next and this promotes their development. I adapt my routines depending on which children I have in the setting at the time. It is important that all the children are given a choice as much as possible, because this will help them as they grow and they need to be independent and make decisions for themselves. I give children a choice of snacks, they can choose from milk or water to drink and they can also decide for themselves what they would like to play with and with whom. It is my professional responsibility to: Safeguard and promote the welfare of all the children Make sure that people they come into contact with are suitable Ensure I have safe and suitable premises, environment and equipment Organise my setting so that every child receives an enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience that is tailored to their individual needs Maintain records, policies and procedures to ensure safe and efficient management of my setting and to meet the needs of the children Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage (2007, pg 6) states, Practitioners should deliver personalised learning, development and care to help children to get the best possible start in life. DISCUSS HOW YOUR DAILY ROUTINES SUPPORT CHILDRENS WELL BEING I have a basic daily routine that includes school runs, child-initiated play, adult-led activities, sleep/quiet time, snack and meal times and home time. The children begin to learn the structure of the day and what comes next. The times of the routine is never set in stone and it allows us to experience spontaneous events like playing in the snow, or taking your lunch to the park on a nice sunny day. For example for snack time the children know that after the mornings child-initiated play we have snacks and they help to clear the table and lay out the plates and cups, which are kept in a low cupboard which the children can easily access independently and this promotes their self-esteem and confidence to help and do things for themselves and others. They know that they are to wash their hands before eating and I have a stool so they can reach the sink which enables their independence and they all sit at the table waiting for the snacks. They have a choice of drink milk or water and they can choose what they want to eat from the choice of snacks on the table. There is always a selection of seasonal fruit, a carbohydrate toast, crumpet or muffin and dairy hard or soft cheese. Allowing the children choice enables them to start the process of thinking for themselves and this gives them a skill that they will need in life. I also need to consider individual children cultures and religions when providing food as some food is not allowed. We also try and incorporate food from around the world and learn about the food from different countries. Snack time is also a social time where we all sit together including myself. We talk about anything and everything, they tell me about things at home or school, where they are going on holiday, what there siblings have been doing, their favourite toys etc. It is a great time to learn more about them and I can use this information to inform my planning according to their current interests. Afterwards the children help to tidy up and clear the table. School drop off and collection times are also very social times. We talk as we walk to school; we often play games like eye spy, count how many red cars we see and look out for various different items along the way to use in our craft work. It is a time when the children learn about their environment and the world we live in. We also talk about stranger danger; how to cross the road safely and why we must all walk together and not run off. Because we carry out the same basic routine everyday the children feel safe and secure in my setting and know what happens next. A good routine develops their self-esteem and promotes independence, allows them to learn about their health by knowing when they have to wash their hands and allows the children to socialise and make healthy choices. The Importance of Routines Helping Children grow, feel secure and flourish states, Children need and crave routine. Routine helps establish security and peace in a childs life. DISCUSS HOW YOUR DAILY ROUTINES COULD MEET THE DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS OF PRE-SCHOOL AND SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN YOUR HOME BASED SETTING My daily routines meet the developmental needs of all the children in my care because I adapt depending on the age and stage of development of the children in attendance each day. The school-aged children are not here for morning snacks but we have snacks when we return from the afternoon school run. The older children know that when we get home to wash their hands and they help to set the table, the younger children see what the older children do and try to copy them. As I said before all the children plates, cups and cutlery are kept in a low cupboard which the children can easily access independently. The older children enjoy showing the younger ones what needs to be done to prepare for snacks and the older children gain self-esteem and self-confidence is being able to do things independtly for themselves and others. The younger children like to learn from the older children and this boots their self-confidence is learning to helkp others. Snack time is a time where we all talk about our day and share what we have been doing and what we enjoyed or disliked. School drop off and collection time can be a time of learning, as I said above we play different kinds of games. We also collect leaves and other items to use in our creative work later eg leaves, sticks, do some bark rubbings. We often include a trip to the playground on the way home from school, the younger children benefit from getting fresh air and observing from the comfort of the pushchair and watching the older children. The older children benefit from having the opportunity to run around in a great big space and practice their gross motor skills on the large play equipment. DISCUSS HOW YOU PROMOTE CHILDRENS SAFETY Promoting childrens safety is paramount. I ensure the childrens safety by providing a secure and welcoming environment and I take proper precautions to prevent accidents by carrying out daily risk assessments of my home and garden and any outings that we may go on. I also comply with my Local Safeguarding Children Boards procedures to ensure the safety and welfare of the children in my care. I have a thorough knowledge and understanding of the signs of possible abuse and neglect. Please see my Safeguarding Children Policy (Appendix ) and my Health and Safety Policy (Appendix ). I hold a current Early Years First Aid for Children and Adults certificate and Emergency Life Support for Adults certificate and have completed Safeguarding Children and Health, Hygiene and Safety Awareness training courses. I ensure that I am up to date with my knowledge by attending regular training throughout the year. I also have house rules, which the children know and follow these include taking off their shoes when indoors, sitting at the table or in a highchair to eat and drink, respecting the furniture, toys and each other. The rules are basic but are there to protect the children. The house rules are displayed at all times in pictures and words for the children to refer to. I make sure that all equipment and resources I provide are age and stage appropriate and that they are safe and clean. They are checked daily before and after use. Children are also taught how to safely use the equipment eg how to hold and use scissors. I use activities to help the children to learn about safety and we talk about how accidents can happen and how to prevent them. If an accident does happen I keep full records including details of the child/children involved, the treatment I provide and parents are given a carbon copy of this information, they also sign to confirm they have been told what happened. My premises are secure at all times: the front door is kept locked and the key is kept on a high shelf so only the adults can reach it. My back garden has a 6ft fence on three sides with no gate. The children are only collected by authorised adults or if it is necessary for someone else to collect them we use a password provided by the parents and they notify me in advance if this is going to happen. All the children are taught about road safety according to their age and developmental stage. With the older children, we talk about stranger danger and how they can keep themselves safe from people they do not know. The children know what to do if there is a fire by regularly practising fire drills and they know why it is important to follow what they have learnt. Please see my Emergency Evacuation Procedure (Appendix ) The children know to tidy up their toys to keep the playroom safe and free from hazards and we do this in a fun way so to maintain the childrens interest and their continued participation in learning to how to keep safe. I check the identify of visitors and keep accurate records of when and why visitors are here and I also record when my two assistants are on the premises. Myself and my assistants (Husband and Mother) have all had enhanced CRB checks, ensuring our suitability to look after the Children. The Children feel safe whilst they are in my care because they know that I will listen to any concerns they may have and respond to them appropriately. The parents know that I operate clear child safety procedures and they have copies of all my policies and permission forms. I make sure that I am a good role model for the Children at all times and I provide a good balance in promoting childrens freedom to explore and play whilst learning and developing and ensuring that they are safe. Children need to have the opportunity to take risks and to make mistakes but within safe limits, that way they learn to be alert to potential danger and how to keep themselves safe. Ofsted Early Years Safe and Sound (2006, pg 9) states, Children should have the freedom to make discoveries and enjoy experiences within safe limits, while learning how to protect themselves from harm. IDENTIFY STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH CHILDREN There are many ways that you can communicate with children but it is important to remember that children are still learning and developing so you need to communicate with them on their own level according to their age and interests. It is imperative to use vocabulary that the children understand eg they may not understand uncomfortable but may know what you mean when you say feeling funny. You also need to use a calm tone and body language that will not send mixed messages. You also need to be aware of children whose mother tongue is not English and that they will find it harder to communicate in English to begin with. Some children may have speech impairment or learning difficulties and this will make it harder for them to communicate effectively. It is also important to be patient and give the children time to respond to your questions. Communicating Effectively with Children states, By paying attention to and communicating regularly with children, you can help children create a vi ew of themselves and the world that is positive and healthy. Use the Childs name first this will get their attention and they are more likely to listen to you. Eye contact shows respect and allows you to gauge how much of the conservation is being understood. Calm tone children are sensitive to anger and do not like raised voices because they can focus solely on the fact that your voice is raised and they may be in trouble, rather than what you are saying. Thumbs up is a simple and easy way of showing approval. Body language avoid all confusion and communicate your message consistently through both words and actions, be aware that different cultures use and interpret body language in different ways. Listening and showing an interest a very important part of communication because if you do not listen and appear interested then it is just a one-way conversation and the child will not feel valued. Non-verbal communication Be aware that some children do not communicate verbally, and that it is important to adapt styles of communication to their needs and abilities eg sign language, lip reading etc. Questioning use open-ended questions to check understanding and acknowledge that they have heard what is being said. Speak slowly and clearly the child may have a hearing impairment and will need you to speak slowly and clearly, so they can understand you, also be aware of the level of background noise. Painting This may seem a strange way but children can communicate their feelings through creativity and may talk to you whilst they are painting without thinking about it. Picture books I am in the process of taking pictures of all my resources and making books that the children can look through and decide what activities they want to do. This is a great way to communicate their needs without being able to speak. Picture cards Can be used for asking children basic things like milk or water to drink. If you have children who use English as a second language then you can make/use picture cards to ask them things in their own language but also have the English word along with the picture and their mother language so they learn new words as they progress. DISCUSS ONE FACTOR THAT AFFECTS CHILDRENS BEHAVIOUR There are many factors that can affect childrens behaviour but I am going to focus on divorce. Any change in a Childs home life will have an effect on their behaviour but when one parent moves out it can be distressing for the child, as they may not know what has happened or when they will see that parent again. It is important for us as practitioners to listen to any concerns that the child has and respond to them according to their age and stage of development. You need to find a way to help them understand appropriate to their level of understanding. A pre-school child may show regressive behaviour. This means that the child may return to an earlier stage of development and, for example, start to wet themselves again. A pre-school child may become confused, irritable or worried. Children between six and nine are very vulnerable. At this age, a child is still not mature enough to understand what is going on, but is old enough to understand that something very unpleasant is taking place. They still depend very much on their parents and will have a hard time talking about their emotions. They may react with anger, or by not concentrating or making progress at school or by having learning difficulties. Children between 9 and 13 may have started having important relationships with other people besides their parents and family. When their parents divorce, it will often be good for a child to talk to someone outside the family about their problems and feelings. All Children can become very insecure. Insecurity can cause children to behave as if they are much younger and therefore bedwetting, clinginess, nightmares, worries or disobedience can all occur. This behaviour often happens before or after visits to the parent who is living apart from the family. Teenagers may show their distress by misbehaving or withdrawing into themselves. They may find it difficult to concentrate at school. It is normal for a child to feel lost, upset, angry and grieve for the family they once were. A child who does not show any feelings or reactions needs help to express what is going on inside. Otherwise, they are very likely to suffer depression and other problems later. Helping Children adjust to Divorce states, Children whose parents divorce are at greater risk for problems such as aggression, depression, lower self-esteem and poorer school performance. Children can express themselves in other ways than with words. Play is very important. You can play with the child and let them act out their feelings using role-play and puppets. Children may need to work off tension through energetic games; you can spend some time at the park or go to an indoor play centre. Drawing may help some children as they often draw things that are important to them. You can ask about the drawings and this can be a good way to start the child talking about what is going on inside, especially if they are not the type of child to talk openly. The child still needs to have established routines in their lives and whilst things are changing at home you can continue with your normal routine and this will give the child some stability and comfort during all the other changes, they feel more safe and secure when they know what to expect next. DESCRIBE STRATEGIES FOR CHALLENGING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN AND FAMILIES I operate an inclusive Childminding setting, where all children are welcome regardless of their race, religion, culture, sex, ability or disability, social background etc. I encourage the children to value everyone as a unique individual, to respect each others differences, and to learn from each other. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education states, inclusion is founded upon a moral position which values and respects every individual and which welcomes diversity as a rich learning resource. I always challenge any instances of prejudice, unfair discrimination and harassment whether it is a comment a child has made or a parent. I will explain to the child or parent why what they have said is wrong and how their words have hurt another person. I make sure that I am a good role model for the children. Please see my Equal Opportunities Policy (Appendix ). I have toys and resources that show different cultures from around the world and people with different types of disabilities/impairments. We also recognize different festivals and religious occasions from a variety of religions worldwide to give the children a greater understanding of the World around them. I invite the parents to come and take part in story/singing time to enable the children to hear different languages, and stories from around the World. For example, if a Child called another person four-eyes because they wear glasses, I would explain to the Child how they have hurt that persons feelings and that they have to wear glasses because they help then to see as their eyes dont work as well as their eyes. I would also ask the Child how they would feel if someone had called them names. I would encourage the Child to say sorry (depending on their age and level of understanding). Another example is a child is a wheelchair and another child telling them that they cant join in and play with them at the sand and water table because they are in a wheelchair. I would explain to the child that yes they can join in we just need to adapt the position of the tray so that the wheelchair can fit around it and everyone can enjoy the same activity. If I have any children with additional needs in my setting I always talk to all the children about their impairments or disabilities (using the correct medical name) as it provides me with an opportunity to teach basic information about our bodies, health and possible illnesses. It also helps to get rid of any fears about disabilities and helps to influence childrens attitudes in a positive way. I make sure that I am a positive role model for the children and I update my knowledge regularly. I have just completed deaf awareness training and I am booked on other awareness courses. EXPLAIN HOW TO IMPLEMENT CHILDRENS RIGHTS IN THE HOME BASED SETTING I have explained in E2 my role in meeting the individual needs of the children and now I will explain how I implement the childrens rights in my setting. I make sure that I keep my knowledge of childrens rights updated through regular training courses and research through the library or internet. Childrens rights are about the obligations of all adults to protect the best interests of children, and to create the conditions under which they can develop and thrive. Childrens rights are embedded in my policies and I offer resources and activities to ensure that the children can learn about their rights for example we have an activity on diversity where the children look at pictures of children from around the world and we discuss our similarities and our differences and what they would like. Please see my Diversity Activity Planning sheet (Appendix ) I have used some of the Articles of the United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child to show how I implement childrens rights into my setting: Article 1 Everyone under 18 has these rights I ensure that all children in my setting know what their rights are. I use age appropriate resources such as games that we play, books that we read and just talking to each other. Article 2 You have the right to protection against discrimination All children are treated with equal concern and learn to treat each other with respect through the activities I provide eg. Learning about each others differences in a positive way, respecting each others cultures. Article 3 Adults should do whats best for you Everything that I do in my setting is always in the best interests of the child. I always take into consideration their views, feelings and rights when carrying out day to day activities. Article 7 You have the right to have a name and a nationality On the wall in the playroom we have pictures of everyone that attends the setting with their name underneath, so that we can easily learn each others names. We learn about each others nationality through stories and visits to the library and in the food we eat. Article 11 You should not be kidnapped I make sure that all the children are safe and secure in my care whether we are at home or out and about. The children know to stay close to me and not run off or talk to strangers. I never release a child into the care of someone that I dont know unless a parent has authorized it in times of emergency and we always use a password system. Article 12 You have the right to an opinion and for it to be listened to and taken seriously The children know that I will always listen to their opionions and take them seriously. We always discuss as a group and listen to each other. Article 19 You have the right to be protected from being hurt or badly treated I know the signs and symptoms of abuse and what to do if I am concerened about one of the children. The children know that they can talk to me about anything at anytime. Article 23 If you are disabled, either mentally or physically, you have the right to special care and education I run an inclusive setting and the children in my care am treated with equal concern with individual needs regardless of any disablilites. It is important to treat each child as an individual and not label them by their impairment or condition. Article 24 You have the right to the best health possible and to medical care and information I provide home cooked healthy meals and snacks to all children, including healthy drinks (milk and water). If I feel a child needs medical care then I have their parents permission to take them to the doctors or hospital in an emergency or with their written permission I am able to take the children to routine appointments. Article 29 You have the right to education which develops your personality, respect for others rights and the environment All children in my setting are taught appropriate to their age and stage of development. I use all the information I have gathered to provide a challenging and enjoyable experience across all the areas of learning and development, which allows each individual child to develop to their full potential. Article 30 If you come from a minority group you have the right to enjoy your own culture, practice your own religion and use your own language We all learn about each others cultures, religion and languages by the games that we play, books that we read, resources that we play with. We find out about different festivals and celebrations during the year eg Halloween, Christmas, Easter, Hanukkah, World Religion Day, Chinese New Year and many others. By getting to know all the children and their families I can meet the cultural needs for everyone and make sure that all the children feel valued. Article 31 You have the right to play and relax by doings things like sport, music and drama The children are encouraged to choose their activities whether it is playing in the garden, reading a book, drawing, painting or building it is their choice. Article 34 You have the right to be protected from sexual abuse I am aware of protecting the children from sexual abuse by only allowing contact with suitable persons (enhanced crb checks). The children know that that they can talk to me about any concerns or problems they may have. Article 37 You have the right not to be punished in a cruel or hurtful way Capital punishment is not allowed in my home. I promote positive behavior and help the children to understand my house rules which are available in picture and words. I also promote the children rights by setting a good example in respecting children and talking to their parents about any problems they may have. Please see my Managing Behaviour Policy (Appendix ) Article 42 All Adults and Children should know about this convention I make sure that all Adults working within my setting are aware of the UN Convention on Rights of the Child and I talk about it with the parents and Children. The definitions of the Rights have been taken from SCCYP Children and Young Peoples Rights, UN Convention on Rights of the Child. The children are given lots of choices within my setting: What they want to play with? Who they want to play with? Whether they want to be inside or outside? Do they want to visit the playground on the way home from the school-run? What they would like for their snack (within reason)? What would they like for lunch or tea (within reason)? Would they like milk or water? What book would they like to read? Letting the children make everyday choices helps them to develop their independence and give them important life-skills. It also promotes their self-esteem and self-confidence to have the ability to do things for themselves and others. We have to be aware of our role in teaching children about their rights. We need to support childrens physical, intellectual, social and emotional development no matter what age they are. Children need to be equipped for coping in the rapidly changing world and being able to deal with the challenges life throws at them, whilst retaining their sense of values and cultural identity. We need to provide opportunities for learning, develop their compassion, give them a sense of self-worth and enhance their communication and problem-solving skills. Participation and learning in home-based settings: A process model of participation states, Articles 12 and 13 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) are related to childrens participation. Adults working with children play a key role in whether or not children are afforded these rights. As participation is a requisite to learning, it is crucial that educators firstly, understand what participation rights are; why it is important to afford these rights to children; and be aware of the role they play in affording these rights. EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO PROMOTE CHILDRENS RIGHTS IN THE HOME BASED SETTING It is important to promote children rights in the home-based setting because the children are not yet aware of their rights and need us as practitioners to teach them their rights and responsibilities. Firstly, you need to understand what is meant as rights. These are not the same as wants. Rights are the basic human needs and values that apply or should apply to everyone. With rights comes responsibilities eg to respect the rights of others. The aim of teaching children their rights and responsibilities will hopefully help them to achieve their full potential and become responsible citizens and teach them respect for themselves and others, critical thinking skills and help them make informed decisions. Children who know their rights have a more positive attitude and better relationships with others, they also have higher self-esteem. Practitioners have a professional responsibility to promote childrens rights. A child that knows its rights has a sense of control about their life and they know what they can do and what other people cannot do to them. For example, a child that knows it is wrong for someone to hit them knows that they can stop this happening and ask for help (depending on their age and stage of development). This promotes their self-esteem and self-confidence that they are able to help themselves and possibly others. Children learn through play and daily routines. It is the things that we do and take for granted on a daily basis that the children learn through the most. For example: Snack time offering healthy snacks and drinks show the children how to be healthy. Rest/sleep time show the children they have a right to sleep when they need to. Choices helps to teach the children to choice things for themselves and not to always rely on others. Toys they can choose which toys to play with and what activities they do. School-run children learn about the environment they live in In my setting we have the UNICEF little book of rights for children and the older children are able to look through it and ask any questions they may have. The younger children just like to look through the book, but it makes them familiar with it and in time with help, they will begin to understand what it contains and how it affects their lives. ANALYSE THE ROLE OF THE PRACTITIONER IN PROMOTING CHILDRENS RIGHTS The practitioners role in promoting childrens rights is very important, as we have to be seen as a good role model for the children, parents and carers. Many people will not know about childrens rights and it is our job to educate them as well as the children. All children have a right to be safe, healthy, warmth, fed, educated etc and the children do not know what their rights are, so it is our job to teach them about how to keep safe, how to be healthy, their right to warmth and shelter and that they all deserve a decent education. We also need to give children the chance to make choices, even if they make bad ones at the beginning. How will they ever learn which is good or bad if we dont allow them to find out? Through choice comes responsibility and this is something that the children need to learn if they are to survive in the big wide world. Some parents still smack their children and do not know any other way of dealing with their behaviour, it is important for us to be a good role model and discuss with the parents our methods of dealing with bad behaviour and that we need to respect the childrens right not to be punished in a cruel or hurtful way. We need to take into account the childrens age and stage of development as that will impact on how we teach them about their rights. The practitioner needs to be able to easily adapt any activities so that all children can take part and be anti-discriminatory at all times. All learning needs to be delivered in an easy to understand way, but also it needs to be fun and keep the children interested or they will get bored and not want to continue. It is important to respect the childrens and their family values and to be constantly aware of the children rights at all times as this can affect the way we plan and provide for the children. The practitioner also needs to keep their knowledge up-to-date and this can be done through continued professional development courses and online information from reliable sources. I have signed up to the Teacherzone e-newsletter from UNICEF that keeps me informed of any changes and new ideas. In conclusion, we have to be aware of the rights of the child at all times and in everything that we do and plan. The welfare of the child is paramount. We need to teach children about their rights to enable them to keep themselves safe and healthy etc. There is a responsibility for education about childrens rights to be implemented in countries that have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Article 42 obliges the state to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike. Therefore, it is particularly important for early childhood teacher education and professional development programs to ensure that the principles of the Convention are understood and implemented in early childhood services. EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF RECENT AND RELEVANT RESEARCH ON CHILDRENS RIGHTS IN RELATION TO PRACTICE The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is about improving the life chances of all children, by giving them the opportunity to have the best possible start, regardless of their family circumstances or the setting they attend. The EYFS brought together three existing structures that affected early years providers who offered services to children from birth to five years old: Birth to Three Matters, a framework to support the learning and development of the youngest children. The Foundation Stage, which outlined the learning framework for three to five-year olds. The National Standards for Under-Eights Daycare and Childminding, which established 14 standards for care and learning for settings. The EYFS was launched on 13 March 2007 and came into effect September 2008, it has legal force through an Order and Regulations made under the Childcare Act 2006. The Welfare requirements apply to the whole of the UK, but the Learning and Development requirements apply only in England. The EYFS is a comprehensive statutory framework introduced by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) for learning, development and care for children from birth until five. All practitioners are required by law to use the EYFS and to complete an EYFS profile for each child at the end of the academic year in which they are five. The primary purpose of the EYFS profile is to provide the practitioners and parents with reliable and accurate information about each childs level of development as they reach the end of the EYFS and start school, so that the teacher can plan an effective and appropriate curriculum that will meet all the childrens individual needs and further support their continued achievements. The EYFS has four themes and these are broken down into 16 commitments: A Unique Child Child Development Inclusive Practice Keeping Safe Health and Well-being Positive Relationships Respecting Each Other Parents as Partners Supporting Learning Key Person Enabling Environments Observation, Assessment and Planning Supporting Every Child The Learning Environment The Wider Context Learning and Development Play and Exploration Active Learning Creativity and Critical Thinking Areas of Learning and Development The EYFS also has six areas of learning and development: Personal, Social and Emotional Development (PSED) Communication, Language and Literacy (CLL) Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy (PSRN) Knowledge and Understanding of the World (KUW) Physical Development (PD) Creative Development (CD) Assessment of the childrens stage of learning and development is based on observations on the six areas above; this enables practitioners to carryout effective planning for the childrens individual stages. The EYFS ensures that: Children learn through play It is important that the children learn through play as they learn quicker when they are enjoying the activity. However, there must be a balance between child-initiated and adult-led activities. Practitioners work closely with parents It is essential to have a good relationship with parents as they know their children the best and can inform us of their current stage of learning and development. The childrens learning at home is taken into account It is important that the children continue to learn at home and what they do can be communicated to the practitioner by the parent. Parents are kept up to date on their childs progress Parents need to know where their children are at with their learning and development and this can be done through daily diaries, talking to each other and regular meetings to discuss update of progress. The welfare, learning and development of children with different backgrounds and levels of ability, including those with additional educational needs and disabilities All children should be treated with equal concern and given the same opportunities to learn and develop regardless of their differences. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage (2007, p41) states, The EYFS framework is designed to be fully inclusive of all childrens needs, recognising the need to respond to differences of ethnicity, culture, religion or belief, home language, family background, SEN, disability, gender or ability. I feel that the EYFS is a positive framework because it sets out what I need to do in my setting including my legal obligations. The EYFS Practice Guidance helps me to meet the requirements of the EYFS through providing useful advice and detailed information on supporting childrens learning, development and welfare. It also helps me to know the normal stage of learning and development for their age, which are broken down into overlapping groups: Birth 11 months 8 20 months 16 26 months 22 36 months 30 50 months 40 60+ months This is a very positive aspect of the EYFS because every child develops at their own pace and this allows us to see where they should roughly be for their age and whether any additional help may be required. Another positive point is that regardless of what type of setting a parent decides to send their child they can be assured that essential standards of provisions are in place because the EYFS applies to everyone working with birth to five years old. For some people the EYFS can be negative because it goes against their philosophy. For example, the Steiner philosophy is concerned with the development of the whole child with an emphasis on creative, social and spiritual values. They believe that reading, writing and arithmetic should not be formally taught until children are between six and seven. They also discourage the use of electronic media such as computers and television for young children. The EYFS has proved problematic for Steiner schools and some have decided to apply for exemption from some of the EYFS early learning goals relating to reading and writing, eg write their own names, read a range of familiar words and use their phonic knowledge to write simple regular words. Some are also applying for exemptions on aspects that relate to writing numbers and using ICT and electronic toys to support learning. Children and Young People Now (27 August 2009) states, North London Rudolf Steiner School in Haringey received confirmation from the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) last week. The school has been granted exemptions from all communication, literacy and language targets, and any goals related to the use of ICT. Exemptions from goals relating to number recognition were rejected on the grounds that the EYFS, which has been in operation for a year, will be able to incorporate the Steiner approach. Overall, I feel that the EYFS can be positive if it does not conflict with existing philosophies but even if it does, you can opt-out of certain early learning goals, which shows just how flexible the EYFS can be. I feel that the EYFS places the child at the heart of education through the importance of child-initiated play and enables us to plan the curriculum to suit the child rather than trying to fit the child to the curriculum.

The Nature Of Sustainability A Human Nature Hybridity Essay

The Nature of Sustainability: A Human-Nature Hybridity Environmentalism is not a new concept. It is a social movement or philosophy that aims to protect and improve the health of the environment. While humans have accepted this view of environmentalism for living in the Holocene epoch, political environmentalist Paul Wapner proposes a renewed definition of environmentalism that has emerged in the Anthropocene epoch. Wapner sees the Anthropocene as an epoch of human geological influence, where humans have inflicted a signature on the earth leaving it â€Å"independent of human experience† (2). That is to say, humans have embedded themselves into the earth systems, resulting in a new form of nature that is not autonomous, but rather defined by a hybrid human-nature relationship. This concept of a human-nature hybridity is the foundation for Wapner’s argument of an environmentalism that embraces the post-nature age and calls for a â€Å"more sustainable, just and ecologically healthy† (15) future. Although Wapner concludes his article by emphasizing an environmentalism that requires human action in the form of sustainable development, his argument falls short by failing to define both sustainability and sustainable development in the Anthropocene. Society defines sustainability as the ability to maintain the health and balance of nature which directly contradicts Wapner’s proposal for a hybridized world. This contradiction poses the question of how Wapner’s renewed environmentalismShow MoreRelatedEnvironmentalism Is Not A New Concept Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesWhile humans have accepted this view of environmentalism for the Holocene epoch, political environmentalist Paul Wapner proposes a renewed definition of environmentalism that has emerged in the Anthropocene epoch. Wapner sees the Anthropocene as an epoch of human geological influence, where humans have inflicted a signature on the earth, leaving it â€Å"independent of human experience† (37). Th at is to say, humans have embedded themselves into the earth systems, resulting in a new form of nature thatRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesinXuences. Moreover, forces reXecting broader changes both in structures and processes in businesses, organizations, and society and in contemporary ideas and discourses may originate from within as well as from outside the organization and reshape the nature of management accounting. In the recent past, management accounting has not only seen changes within existing domains of the Weld but has also witnessed extensions outside its established realms of activity. Wider systemic transformations includingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History

Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity Free Essays

Donghyun Lee (20110108) Prof. Lisa Lee English 2 (Sec. 60) October 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2012 Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity There are many kinds of outdoor activities. Outdoor activity gives many mental or physical advantages to people. Therefore, many people love outdoor activity for various reasons regardless of its characteristic. For example, some like outdoor activity because of his or her own satisfaction. In addition, others do outdoor activity because it helps them to improve their health. However, the reason why I love field activity is on account of three important changes in my body : being refreshed, being short of breath, being thirsty. The first change which field activity creates is being refreshed. When I have trouble in studying or working, I have a splitting headache. It feels like being struck on the head by a hammer. At that time, I go outside and do simple outdoor activities like walking or skipping. Then, I feel the fresh air flowing through my veins ,and I am recharged. For example, when I was a high school student, I usually did a simple ball game when I was tired of studying. Therefore, being revived is the first change of my body which makes me do open-air activity. The second part of variety that field activity makes for me is being short of breath. There is no doubt that being short of breath is a very tiring feeling to anyone. I feel that exhausting feeling as well. However, though it is painful, I feel alive when I am scant of breath. For instance, when I do exercise which needs sustaining power like a marathon, I become so excited and aggressive since I think I am exceeding the limit of my physical strength. Thus, being scant of breath is another motivating power that makes me enjoy an outdoor activity. Finally, the last significant body change that motivates me to do open-air activity is being thirsty. The reason why being thirsty can be the cause of doing field activity is because drinking water after outdoor activity gives me happiness which cannot be described. For example, I become the happiest person in the world and feel as if I can fly while drinking water after doing a field activity. A cup of water after feeling raging thirst cannot be exchanged with any other delicious foods. As a result, thirst can be the body change which let me do outdoor activity. I become invigorated, short of breath, and thirsty by outdoor activity regardless of its feature. These body changes are the motivating power of making me do outdoor activity since the changes end up giving a positive feeling to me. What are the factors which make you do outdoor activity? How to cite Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity, Essay examples

Articles Of Confederation (710 words) Essay Example For Students

Articles Of Confederation (710 words) Essay Articles Of ConfederationARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONAdopted in congress in 1777 and ratified and in force in (1784?)Adopted for: a) unify in defense and warb) Foreign policybasic principle of articles for states to maintain control under central government assigned specific powersOrganization of government: 1) one legislative house unicameral legislature passes laws2) 2-7 delegates per state3) 9 votes required to pass law4) 13/ unanimous votes needed to amend Articles Powers: defense army, navy, and treaties with IndiansForeign affairs warMoney borrowing, spending, printing, determining value, coiningInternal affairs Judge disputes in special court hearings between statesEnforcement laws determined by state therefore enforcement was selective to state desires and rarely doneState restrictions states could not: make war, treaties, international tariffs and coin moneyDuties of state states must provide money/army? When requested by congressStates must pay taxes based on landWeakn esses of Articles I. trade regulation congress had no power to regulate trade done by states caused:a) tariffs on imports and exports established by statesb) states competed over control of waterwaysc) Foreign trade was diminishing; interstate trade was also stopping because of tariffs on each other making trade difficultII. Enforcementa) Central government included no enforcement/ executive branchb) Rules mostly ignored1) taxes decided by congress based on land ( to be paid by states didnt pay congress had no income and had to borrow- land basis bad for south few people and lot of land2) no income for army regulated number soldiers per state not given kept for own defenseresult SHAYS REBELLION Begun by Daniel Shay farmer in Massachusetts wanted to begin own government and revolted Mass. didnt have enough army to quell rebellion soldiers also farmers and on other side asked congress for help but appeal to no avail states didnt list4en to congress cuz didnt care cont inued for 6 months3) Treaty of Paris not enforced states refused to compensate loyalist for property lost and collect debts owed to British merchants money all used for war effortTherefore England also violate and move troops to Northwest Territory (fur trade)Spain and England restrict trade on Mississippi and right of deposit in New OrleansIII. Money each state illegally made their own currency- congress could not prevent it 14 forms of currency causing it to be worthless and inflation made congress and states suffer foreign countries unwilling to trade and lend moneyIV. Passing laws difficult to get 9 states to agreeGeneral ProblemsEconomic chaotic severe post war depression, which usually lasts only short while, normal after war England cut off trade with states state power under Articles to regulate foreign trade? Causes trade to lessen cuz difficult from expenses and tariffs and regulations merchants and farmers who sell outside their state suffer from tariffs betw een states small farmers fine southerners fine cuz Tabacco needed and special treatment and less regulation first to pull pout of depression cuz of this and Planter Aristocracy had laws beneficial to them and their trade different currencies in US discourages tradeInflation prices and wages rise helps debtors (pay back less), bad for bankers (receive back less, give more) when inflation (like among farmers who are constantly in debt) = cheap currencyDear currency = stable currency = less inflation and prices stable traders Political increased power/ democracy in state government often causes chaos How many people have sayConstitution rules by which government operate contains fundamental law (received idea from charters)States write new constitution with stronger democracy including Bill of Rights (things government cannot do) executive branch (governor elected by people), legislative (bicameral elected by people) and judicial (courts appointed by governor sometimes elec ted by people)Property qualifications all lowered (lowest highest = NE-M-S) most remove religious qualificationsLegislature given more power than governorsAchievements under articles1. US wins revolution2. Northwest Ordinance 1785a) history conflicting state claims attempts made at resolution in 1784 and 1785 speculators interested in selling land lobbied congressb) principle territories ceded would be admitted as equal statesc) terms disputed territories__ To US government territories divided in to 5 futire states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinios, Michigan, Wisconsind) conditions for admission: 5,000 male adults congress appoint governor proplr elect legislature with power to make laws60,000 adult males write constitution including Bill of Rightsno slavery in any part of the territoryBibliographythank you shiffy for typing up these lovely notes. .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .postImageUrl , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:hover , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:visited , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:active { border:0!important; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:active , .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121 .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8b3e9e5a31374b46ddc1d4429529121:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holy Trinity and Trimurti Essay American History

Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) Essay Example

Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) Essay Name Course Instructor Date We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) A. Civil engineering is a specialized engineering discipline, which involves in construction, design and the continuation of the physical and naturally made environment. Civil engineering is also the process of applying physical and scientific principles. Roads, buildings, bridges are set under this field. The civil engineering works are seen in the construction of main roads in the country incorporating the profession to built strong, stable and longer lasting sites. The history of civil engineering is associated with knowledge of science, geology, geography, mechanics, structures and other subjects. Engineering has been a feature of the human life since time immemorial and its earliest practices are traced back to the Ancient Egypt when people began agriculture and abandoned their nomadic lifestyle. A gap for housing created the need for shelter construction and civil engineering was born. Civil engineering is inclusive of both the private and private sector. In government, it is from the lowest level of municipal council to the national federal government. The government hires the work of professional engineers for the buildings and infrastructural development. These engineers also help the government to formulate, direct and safeguard building laws by establishing codes of construction of structures and buildings. For the private sector, it is local companies, homeowners, national and international companies. Without civil engineering, the buildings, roads, railways, air systems, dams would occasionally deal with problems of instability, unsafe and eventually fall apart. It covers wide range professions involving various fields. These professions include environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, urban engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering and construction engineering. Environmental engineering improves the natural environment by applying science, engineering, and assess construction projects and their effects on the environment. Environmental engineers engage in studies of pollution, control of radiation levels, setting laws for environmental engineering, containing levels of wastewater and provide insight on the engineering laws of the environment (ABET) Construction engineering occupies the position similar to that of a business nature with the supplies and conducting logistical operations, price monitoring and drafting or reviewing agreements and contracts. It fits in a variety of design executing and planning of transportation, hydraulic, site development, and geotechnical and construction engineers. Management of buildings, highways, airports, railways, bridges and other infrastructures is carried out by construction engineers. (Chapman, p.67) Geotechnical engineering is a branch of Civil Engineering collaborating with knowledge from geology, mechanics concerning the rock and soil (earth material) Geotechnical engineers deal with building at ground level by investigating semi surface materials and conditional ties to uncover their properties. As a result, the standards of a solid foundation of the construction project are set (Engineering and Technology) Structural Engineering is an area concerned with the structures like towers, sea gas fields, bridges in their design and analysis. They formulate design considerations such as strength, stability, cost and sustainability of the structure. (Sims, p. 65) Urban Engineering also called municipal engineering takes in aspects of art, science and engineering for the environment in urban areas. It stipulates designing and assesses publi c works, public and leisure parks, networks for water supply and sidewalks. The professionals coordinate and manage these infrastructures. Transportation engineering is an area particular with transportation design, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) designing and maintaining transport infrastructure. Efficiency and safety is important in transport engineering. B Transportation engineering is a major feature of civil engineering and a preferred choice for many. The facilities supported are air, water, railways, space and pipeline transportation. It is a broad area, of railway engineering, port and harbor engineering, pipeline engineering and airport engineering. Technology and specialized scientific principles are applied into the operational planning, functional design and coordination of facilities for a variety of modes of transport. This provides for comfortable, convenient, efficiency and safety in the movement of persons and their goods. Urban planning is related to this field of engineering in terms of planning by using forecasting decisions and political issues (Chen et. al, p.120). Passenger travel carries out technical forecasting which usually involves a model of urban planning in estimation of trips in their generation, mode to be undertaken, decisions made by travelers (trip chaining) and distribution. Trips of passengers are vital because they are a representation of the level of demand in either transport arrangement. These human factors are valuable especially with contact of the users, drivers and their vehicles. In designing, transport engineering takes account of the area covered by the facility (size and capacity), vertical and parallel alignment, thickness, weight and the materials to be used. The size and capacity influence the choice the material for construction whether roads, railroads, airports and highways. The alignment is of value whether vertical and horizontal in order to avoid poor positioning of the structures and modes of transport. The thickness is used to make sure the structure is safe and stable to prevent it from falling and killing people in the future. The weight and materials used are key determinants of the design, stability and long lasting of the work constructed. Control and operations techniques in traffic engineering and modern technologies such a s Intelligent (Kapoor, p. 74) Transportation Systems for traveling individual’s modes of information, improved traffic control systems and the integration of vehicles and infrastructure. The practice by the engineers integrates planning for the means of transport and the planning determine the overall outlook of roads, airports, ports and highways. C To become a professional civil engineer, one has to study at a credited institution and acquire an academic degree. The degree has to be a major in civil engineering. The period of study varies from various universities from three to five years. Some offer it as a Bachelor of Engineering while others as a Bachelor of Science. Units such as physics, design, mathematics and some disciplines of civil engineering are covered. Further studies can be undertaken for specializing in a specialized area of interest in civil engineering as some universities offer awards for postgraduate engineering. After education, the engineers are certified after meeting the conditions of a professional engineering body. The requirements are exam results and some level of work experience and other conditions prescribed by the professional body. Afterwards the engineer acquires the title of Professional Engineer according to the United States system. Most Commonwealth countries refer to them as Chartered Pr ofessional Engineer (Kapoor,p.68). Relevant Professional bodies have established International Agreements on engineering that provide for engineers to practice their profession worldwide without border limits. These professional bodies play a key role in making certain that ethical standards are observed. For example in America, only a licensed professional Engineer can make preparations on engineering plans, signed and sealed to the public authority or for other clients. The works are calculation of a study, designs settings, reports, valuations, supervising and analyzing engineering works and technical documents. Specializing in engineering enables an engineer to have an increased knowledge and intense understanding in their area of specialization and expertise. D The West Broadway (CSAH 103) is a transit way project, which has been established in Brooklyn Park this comes after the City of Brooklyn Park agreed to work with the Hennepin County to rebuild the West Broad Way Avenue. The Hennepin County is the lead agency in the development of the construction (Flood, p.85) Increasing the road from about 500ft south of the Candlewood Drive to close to 500ft north of the 93rd Avenue North this is the target of the project. The roadway section will add a new traffic signal at the intersection of the Candlewood Drive. The roadway is to have an upgrade to have four lanes and raise the concrete median. The urban section is to be increased at all intersections inclusive of all the intersections. Locations such as 84th Avenue and 93rd Avenue are also set to receive upgrades. However, there are some conditions, which should be given priority and the Hennepin County for instance, the signal requirements are to be set by the County. The transportation engineers have presented a designed layout to the City Council, which has given the rights to carry on the construction. This was done after they had done the prerequisite preparations and planning. Technological and specialized scientific principles were used to apply into the operational planning, functional design and coordination of various facilities. The engineers are set to maintain and overlook the construction of these structures. They are tasked to make sure that the planning is done well and completed without any obstructions. They will look into the human factors that drive the Broadway project. Such like factor are the trips made by the users, their interface with the vehicles, road and traffic lights and trip chaining. All these will dictate how the overall project’s outcome. The project w ill also purpose to make transportation less costly, easier, environment friendly, accessible and efficient. During the formulation of the project, the engineers considered the size and capacity of the road, alignment and the materials they were to use. The materials are to be of high quality and long lasting. They used advanced technology like the Intelligent Transportation Systems and traffic control systems. They also work with other branches of engineering to prevent any loopholes. They work with environmental engineers in order to prevent environmental pollution and causing harm to both the human and natural environment during and after the construction period. The engineers have also explained the provided environmental rules to avoid infringing the laws of the environment. If there will be a recommended transit way the design plans will have to be revised leading to the amendment of the Environmental Assessment. This is because of inadequate funding and the transit way is not instituted in the initial design. There were no expectations for the financing of the transit way at the time. Moreover, that can be done in the future. Currently, the schedule includes relocating the existing Xcel Energy transmission line and poles along the west side of CSAH 103 between 89th and 83rd Avenues to further locations in the West. This will be the first phase of the Project (Projects of Brooklyn Park, 2012) in 2014, the Northern portions (85th and 93rd Avenues are) of the construction are expected to have began. The South of 85th Avenue is projected for the period of 2015 to 2016. This project is going to improve transportation and increase the area covered, as it is currently narrow. It will improve the accommodation of the corridor users who are primarily the pedestrians, cars, cyclists and residents. The drainage is also going to be upgraded and the roadside ditches removed according to the engineers. The project also shows the challenges transport engineers face in their line of work. Especially challenges arise in transport engineering because it mainly conducts jobs of public works and for the society. Some of the locals on Brooklyn have rejected the proposals made by Hennepin County. On the construction of the sideway and this is a set back because they are forced to compromise in some of the construction sites (Projects of Brooklyn Park, 2012) The lack of proper funding has also reduced the scope of work and the engineers are forced to let do of a section of the project in the transit way. These are the main challenges facing the project. The project is set to enhance the transportation of people and their products and enhance security in the Brooklyn area. Civil Engineering since its inception in Ancient Egypt has improved numerous aspects of human life. The road system has improved since the use of Macadam roads to modernized highways and lanes. The railway engineers have also advanced to fast track rails and speed trains. Civil Engineering in current times is also using space studies a modern means of transport that entails scientific technology of taking people to discover the space and the universe from a different view. Including science and art into the profession has led to construction of historical landmarks and buildings such as the Brooklyn Bridge that will have a lasting effect on the human race. Civil engineering has promoted the construction of environment friendly structures, which prevent pollution and water resources depletion. In the 21st century, the discipline has marked major changes and advances to improve the life of human beings on earth. Work Cited Chapman, Allan. England‘s Leornardo: Robert Hooke and the Seventeenth Century’s Scientific Revolution.2005 CRC Press Print â€Å"Projects City of Brooklyn Park Minnesota† brooklynpark.com. 5 October 2012. Web. 5 October 2012. Chen, Wai-Fah, and J Y. R. Liew. The Civil Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003.Print ABET. â€Å"Civil Engineering†. Accrediting College Programs in Applied Science, Computing, 2010, April 8 Web. 5 October 2012 Engineering and Technology. Retrieved from http:www//www.abet.org/ October 5, 2012 web Kapoor, R. Dictionary of Civil Engineering. New Delhi: SBS Publishers Distributors, 2009. Print. Flood, Ian. Towards a Vision for Information Technology in Civil Engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint International Symposium on Information Technology in Civil Engineering : November 15-16, 2003, Nashville, Tennessee, Usa. Reston, Va.: ASCE, 2004. Print.

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buy custom DiGeorge Syndrome essay DiGeorge syndrome is a congenital disorder that is present at birth. Its major cause is a deletion within chromosome number 22q11.2 (Yamagishi, 2002). It occurs during embryo development (Molesky, 2011).There is no known cure for this disorder although the outlook for those stricken with this is not usually bad and can differ widely depending on the degree of defect and the affected organs. Babies with this defect usually lack a part of chromosome 22 and rarely defects in chromosomes 10 (Sullivan, 2002). There maybe no detectable chromosome abnormality in some cases. Medical community has found that this defect is rarely inherited with only 6% while 94% is associated with deletion of the chromosome. Babies born with the syndrome illustrate different characteristics including facial abnormalities, cleft palate, smaller parathyroid glands, increased white blood cells in thymus gland, learning disabilities and mental retardation, and symptomatic congenital heart defects (Bastian et al., 1989). Patients presenting to pediatric primary clinic show different symptoms with most common including hands and fingers that twitch or have cramp like spasms of the arms, failure to thrive poor weight gain, diaper rash, diarrhea, long face, among other (Yamagishi, 2002). HPI common include pneumonia, hypernasal, speech, and recurrent infections secondary to immune deficiency. PMH common include Tetrology of Fallot, pulmonary regurgitation as they get older, vascular anomalies of carotid arteries (Sullivan, 2002). Even though there is no cure for this syndrome, an advanced practice nurse may recommend a combination of blood test and chest X-ray if they suspect that a child is suffering from DiGeorge syndrome (Farrell et al, 1999). Initially, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for confirmation to detect 22q11.2 in conjunction with a standard chromosome analysis to detect chromosome arrangements and other abnormalities but array comparative genomic hybridization is used currently (Seroogy, 2012). Therapy depends on each individual patient and age of diagnosis (Bawle, 2010). These concepts have been summarized by Ernestine Wiedenbachs Prescriptive Theory which states that nursing primarily consists of identifying patients and their families needs for help and intervene if need and facilitating and/or implementing a medical plan of care based on the needs and desires of the patient and family (Molesky, 2011). In improving care, a nurse exercises a sound judgment through deliberative, practiced, and educated recognition of symptoms. APN use their clinical judgment to decide the possible implications of symptoms and create a list of differential diagnosis (Tomey Aligood, 2002). They use their skills to implement a diagnostic work-up as accurate as possible to create a diagnosis and implement a plan of care. They are also aware of their selves and appreciate how their personal perspectives affect the care given to the patient. Buy custom DiGeorge Syndrome essay

Waitress Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Waitress Job - Essay Example Waitress is one of the oldest jobs in the catering industry. Though it has little history that can be attached to the development of the job, it has definitely undergone dramatic changes in the past to emerge as it is today. In this regard a waitress is basically involved in serving other people. As a waiter you understand that your duty is to ensure that you serve the needs of the customers. There are many tasks that a waiter is involved in while serving customers. It is the duty of a waiter to ensure that customer gets all what thy want while in the hall. This will vary from serving them with foods and drinks and other items that they require.I work for Jericho Terrace on Jericho turnpike in New York. This company operates in the catering industry where it offers services like weddings and other functional catering. The company has been in the business for number of years and has been able to cut a niche in the market. it has become a leading catering complain in New York offering service to a wide range of customers especially for wedding and other functions like end of year company parties and others. It is a part of the large hospitality industry which has been one of the rapidly growing sectors in the world fuelled by the increasing changes that have been taking place in the social life and increased demand of superior services in the market that meets the needs of the consumers.Waitress has been one of the pillars of the growth of the business since they directly determine the level of customer satisfaction. The survival of any business in the industry depends on the way in which it can meet the demands of the consumers in the sense that it have to serve the needs on the consumers and in a way that they need to be served. Therefore waitress who is in direct contact with consumers makes a lot of contribution in the way the customers will rate the services of the company and therefore how they will choose or recommend the company to another client in the f uture. Though not considered important as such, waitress is the most valuable assets that any catering business holds and which helps the business to move forward in the correct direction. History of the of the industry The modern catering industry has along history of development having evolved from the food industry in the early days. Catering industry has been developed in the last century but its history can be traced to many years ago and since the evolution of business. It is one of the most complex industries of all times. Food industry has been one of the growing industries in the world and has made a lot of contribution to the development of wealth in the USA. Since the development of agrarian practices in the world, there have been increased culinary practices although most of it was practiced in homes. But in the since the turn of the century, there was the development of commercial catering in which food was produced purposely for sale. Catering industry has been there but some of the development in the modern catering has only taken place in the recent past. While we may associate chefs and the culinary world with hotels, we should understand that restaurants and other catering have developed in the recent past. For the better part of our history, food preparation was centered in homes and on feasts and celebrations especially for kings or for other occasion. In America particularly, catering industry is still young and started its development only after the Second World War. It was only after the war that companies which had previously supplied foods in the world war began thinking of an innovative way to continue with their services. As the economy started to boom immediately after the war, there was increased demand of catering service in America and it is from there that these companies found a niche in the market. This was like a revolution as services which have been previously preserved for the rich and the wealthier suddenly became open to all people and there was a rapid rise

According to Hegel, how does the modern state actualize freedom Essay

According to Hegel, how does the modern state actualize freedom - Essay Example It also attempts to look carefully into the various prospects of the concept of freedom relevant for a modern state as well as the modern individual, and tries to find out if today’s individuals are contented with what Hegel provides in his explanation of freedom in the context of the modern state. Hegel’s view of freedom is closely associated with the broader prospects of human life. According to Hegel, human life is characterised by freedom, liberty and rights. In this context, freedom and rights are entailed by a sense of responsibility that provides the community a stable context in which morality and creativity can be expressed freely. Further, this sense of responsibility acknowledges the needs (not wants) of the people within a society. This responsibility is assigned to the state. If the needs of the people are not acknowledged by the state, it simply indicates that the freedom of these people is constrained. This is the fundamental cause of revolutions occurred in societies. Hegel in Section 258 in the Preface of Philosophy of Right mentions that it is the state in which â€Å"freedom attains its highest right†¦[It] has the highest right over the individual, whose highest duty in turn is to be a member of the state.† (Wood, 1991) Thus, the contexts of duties and rights are very essential to understand the concept of freedom in a state. While relating freedom of individuals with the duties of the state, Hegel states that it is the responsibility of the state to secure and protect property and personal freedom of individuals who are members of it. With its caprice, accident and myriad realities, the state can be conceived as â€Å"the ethical whole and the actualisation of freedom.† (Wood, 1991) Hegel further simplifies the concept of freedom by stating that the state embodies freedom of individuals by recognising and developing their personal individuality as well as particular interests. This individuality takes

Use of 3D glasses in cinemas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of 3D glasses in cinemas - Research Paper Example Cinema, as we have them in modernity today, has had its share of evolution ever since film was invented. If they were once merely dark theatres with images projected on the screen, they have now become a luxurious avenue to provide utmost entertainment.Although many of these trends have arrived in the more recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) glasses in cinemas had been present in the 1950s. Also, such trend is only a recurring gimmick to attract movie goers, not necessarily giving viewers the â€Å"perfect† movie experience. Binocular Vision and 3D History Stereoscopy, or 3D imaging, began with Charles Wheatstone’s discovery of binocular vision or stereopsis, defined as â€Å"the ability to use the combined points of view from the two eyes or cameras to reconstruct three-dimensional solid objects and to perceive depth,† (Mataric 114) which is the backbone principle of stereoscopic cinemas.A brief history of stereoscopic cinema as presented by Ronfard is adapted in this paper. In the 1950s, movie theater audience was significantly reduced in the emergence of the television (TV), and stereoscopic cinema became an approach to bring them back. Thus, this caused the emergence of a flock of commercial stereoscopic films during the decade, but eventually died down because of the discomfort it gives the audience. 3D movies could not surpass the value of two-dimensional (2D), because the visual quality and cinematographic content of the former, brought about by lack of mastery in stereoscopic filming techniques therefore giving viewers a headache. The 1980s was again bombarded with stereoscopic films, but was not successful as well, not until technology needed to produce quality stereoscopic films, both for shooting and viewing, arrived. Animated movies in 3D then came with lower visual strain to viewers, paving a way for new experiments on the field. Thus, this period became 3D’s rebirth, giving us what we now have today (12-14). 3D Glasses There are two most commonly used types of 3D glasses: anaglyph and polarized. Anaglyph process uses colors to encode depth, thus it can be presented with a single color print and red and blue-filtered glasses (Kennel 157). These glasses would filter out red on one lens, and blue on the other lens, creating the 3D effect similar to that in binocular vision. Anaglyphic encoding is the cheapest of all 3D systems, the most largely distributed and available, and efficient in black-and-white 3D used in depth placement and correction (Mendiburu 56). Modern types of 3D glasses are polarized glasses, nowadays used in films as well as in theme parks and rides. When using these types of glasses, â€Å"two images are projected through different polarization filters onto a surface that reflects the light toward viewers, keeping the polarization of the incoming light (mostly) unmodified† (Mrak, Grgic, and Kunt 394). Polarized glasses have been adjusted according to linear or ci rcular polarization, where the latter is preferred in order to see the same image quality despite head position changes of the viewers. An advantage of this type of glasses is its ability to block the bright glare of horizontally polarized light by transmitting it to the surface and permits vertically polarized light, which are weaker, to pass (Raymer 254). 3D Films as Gimmick Audiences are important because they are the reason a film is made, and audience size and reaction often convey the success or failure of a media product (Rayner, Wall and Kruger). In viewing media as a source of entertainment, it has given us a number of innovations that would change our media experience, particularly with the invention of film and the genius of television. In this point, 3D film viewing is presented as merely a gimmick, and not as a necessity in order to create an extraordinary movie experience that surpasses 2D. As mentioned

Industrial Training In The Company Social Work Essay

Industrial Training In The Company Social Work Essay Industrial training needs to be fulfilled in order to obtain a degree of International Business. Every student needs to do industrial training in the company which can let the students to be exposed to dealing with international work procedures and environment. The duration for the industrial training is about 9 weeks. All of the degree of students needs to have two times of industrial training and this report described about the second time of the industrial training report. This report describe about the industrial training for 2nd year student of International Business Program from School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship of university Malaysia Perlis. I am having my second time of industrial training at Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd which is located at Sungai Petani, Kedah. Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd is manufacturing company which focus on Life Science, specializes in diagnostics and biotechnology. The industrial training is started on 26th June 2012 and end on 24th August 2012. The contains of this industrial report consists of the brief introduction of Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd and the background of the company. In addition, the report also state about the task I have done during the training in the company. Other that that, the report also contains the skill, knowledge, experience, problem and challenges that I facing during this two months. Acknowledgment First of all, I want to thank god for me to complete the industrial training smoothly and my journey of during this two months is in His bliss. Besides that, I also want to dedicate this project to my parents, lecturers, colleagues and all my friends for being with me and helping me in each hand every difficult faced in this project completion and all those who taught me, trained me and polished my abilities. I want to have million of thanks to the most precious persons in my life, my parents for all their support either in moral support or financial support. In the other side, I also need to have special thanks to my supervisor, Mr SG Yeoh. The supervision and support that she gave during these two months truly help the progression and smoothness of the internship program. I am very appreciating the co-operation from the supervision and the company. Beside that, I would like to thank to Ms Salwa who is my colleague that work under the same department with me. I thank you for all the guidance from her to complete the industrial training. She teaches me a lot and helps me when I do the mistake and willing to teach me new knowledge that I cannot found in book. During these eight weeks, I realized the value of working together as a team is very important. Not forgotten to thank for the other staffs working at Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd. their entire kindness helping and teaching me during the 2 months really appreciated. This internship program brought us together to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of each other. I feel very glad and lucky to have such helpful colleagues and make me never felt left out in any situation. In addition, I also want to thank my friends for always reminding me to be honest and trustworthy during the industrial training. Last but not least I would like to thank UniMAP and CIC (Centre for Industrial Collaboration) for organizing this two months Industrial Training. I am very appreciating the opportunities that let me to learn and understand the objective of Industrial Training. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Company Profile 1.2 Background of the Company 1.3 Organizational Structure 1.4 Nature of the Business 2.0 Detail of Working Experience On the first day of the working, I was arranged to work in finance department and my position is account assistant. In the finance department, I worked with Ms Siti Salwa Binti Sulaiman who is the finance officer. She was the person who will lead me in the working. By the way, my supervisor is Mr SG Yeoh who is the Finance Director. Finance department have the responsibility to control firm cash flow. So, all the data and document are private and confidential. Therefore, I was not allowed to expose those information for other people from different department. The person who is responsible to control the cash flow is MS Salwa with the supervision of Mr SG Yeoh. So, I learn a lot of the process from Ms Salwa. When want to make payment to the vendors, we need to get the approval from Mr SG YEoh. He will verify and sign the payment if he agrees to do so. In the other hands, the department also uses computer system to update or control cash in and out between the vendors and the company. The systems the company uses include Microsoft Excel and UBS. At the same time, the related documents are filing in the file and keep in document control room. Other than that, I also have the opportunity to work with other team members or co-workers from other department such as Human Resource Department, Warehouse Department, Purchasing Department, Business Development Department and others. As we know, most of the department will be related to finance department, so, I needed to know the function of other department. For example, when there have purchasing of material from purchase department, there have some document should be sent from purchase department to finance department to do payment. The related document include quotation, purchase requisition, purchase order (PO), invoice and others. in the other hands, when doing payroll, the Human Resource Department will responsible to calculate the payroll and let finance department know the total amount needed to pay for the employees. When the amount was know, finance department will give to finance director to allow the payment. 2.1 Description of Tasks/ skill and experience gain As we know, usually, what we had learn during study is different with what had we actually done in the working place. This is because in university, there is more tend to theoretical and calculations while during in the industrial training, I learn how to gain a working knowledge. This is because the industrial training give me the opportunity to have a practical approach in which enable me to involve in the environment that I will be facing in the career lives after I graduate. Other than that, the industrial training also enables me to apply the skills that I had already learned in study. So, the industrial training let me familiar with the surroundings of a working environment. During the two months working in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, I have experience real industrial working condition which developed and improved my functional as well as soft skills in several aspects. The skills include computer skills, interpersonal skill, communication skills, and self management and so on. 2.1.1 Computer Skills I learned some software during I training in the company. I was exposed to using UBS system. I realize that the UBS also has different function when it is used in different department. For example, UBS for accounting is to keep the information of account payable and account receivable while UBS for payroll is used to calculate the salary for employees. Along I work in finance department, Ms Salwa teach me how to used UBS to record the information and how it is used to check the transaction. At the beginning, I feel very hard to understand the flow but fortunately she still very patient to explain and teach me when I face any problem. Besides that, I also feel glad to have the opportunity to learn the UBS used for payroll. I have the chance to attend the UBS training on how to use the UBS to calculate the salary of the employees. Furthermore, I also can learn and practice how to calculate the payroll of employees due to the manager from admin department who responsible to handle the payroll was in maternity leave. So, the company required Ms Salwa to follow up the task of handle the payroll. As the result, I have the opportunity to learn and practice on calculate the payroll from Ms Salwa. Other than that, I also more familiar with the Microsoft Excel after complete the industrial training. This is because during the training, I also always used Microsoft Excel to update the information such as update creditor aging report, cheque listing and others. Before the working in the company, I seldom use the Microsoft Excel and I learn a lot from that. 2.1.2 Interpersonal Skill My ability in interacting with people such as colleagues and my supervisor improve a lot after completes the training. Now, I know how to communicate and deal with other people in a nice way. I found that it is good for me to deal with this people, especially when they were willing to help and explain about the things that I not understood. In the other hands, I found that it needs skill when we had to speak though phone with the vendors. How to answer the phone is important since what we said in the phone will direct give the impact for the company. For example, if we not answer in a good manner, it will bring the bad image for the company. so, every time I answer the phone, the first thing I will do is greeting and say the company name use a manner voice and tones. I also will note down the message left for colleague in case the colleague is not around when I answer the phone. After that, I will let her know who is calling and told her the message leave by the people who was calling. 2.1.3 Self Management I also learn on how to conduct myself properly in the business environment. I knew how to manage my time and arrange the task given more effectively. I must make sure all the tasks given must be complete on time. So, I needed to arrange and plan the task well. for example, in the first day, my supervisor already give me the assignment on doing the flow chat about the process of selling and buying. I plan it carefully and make sure I was not affect or ignore other task when doing the assignment. Besides that, I also must make sure I was punctual in work and rest followed the time fixed by the company. Appropriate attire was also important. So, I also must know how to wear properly and manage my appearance well. I found that all of this is very important since it will bring the good image for the others people to me. 2.1.4 Teamwork Skills Most of the time, I was work with Ms Salwa. Along the time worked with Ms Salwa, I realized work as a teamwork is very important. It can let the work more effectively and efficiency. She guided me in every task I conducted. Other than that, after I finish my task, she will help me to double check and make sure what I done is correct. For example, when I record the personal detail of the employees in UBS, she will always remind me to record it correctly especially the amount of the salary because it will affect the payroll. 2.1.5 Communication Skills After I complete the industrial training, I found that my communication skills improved a lot. Now, I feel more comfortable and have the confident in handling social situation when meeting with new people and know how to socializing with colleagues of different situations. For example, during the meeting of the event for à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buka Puasaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  during the fasting month, I can voiced out my idea and share what I think with other the colleague and really to receive the comment from them. For me, I think the comments and suggestions from the colleagues are good for me because it can improve me and let me have better idea. 2.1.5 Leadership Awareness I feel glad to have the opportunity to gain some useful leadership insight by observing how people led the subordinates and how to solve the problem facing. I can learn this though experience of attend the meeting and observe how professional handle the events and management of the situations. During the meeting for the event of à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buka Puasaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ , I can see how the secretary who is the leader of the meeting handled and distributed the task for all of the people who attend the meeting. As a leader, she will accept and ask us feel free to give the idea but not only want all of us accept her idea. It is what a successful leader should have. 2.1.6 Human dimension of Management From my observation, I found that the company can organized and managed the employees effectively. For example, the company gave the task to Ms Salwa on handle the payroll when the manager who responsible to handle the payroll was in maternity leaves. The company felt that this way was better compare to hire a temporary employee to replace that manager. 2.1.7 Process Evaluation Analyses During the two months worked in finance department, I can know the process of buying and selling. In the first day of woking in Skykod Polyscience, my supervisor already give me the assignment on doing flowchart about the process of purchasing and selling. He wanted me to know the process of how the company buys the material and manufacture to become the final products. During the process, I also learned which documents are needed and how a payment is done. 2.1.8 Adaptable Problem Solving When I faced any problem in my work, firstly I will try to solve it by myself first. However, if I cannot solve the problem, I will ask the others staff to help me to find the solution or solve the problem. Throughout the period, most of the problem arises were technical such as computer and software problem. In the other hands, when I complete the assignment that given by my supervisor about the flowchart, I also faced many problems. I felt the assignment was hard for me because when I have not understood the company, the supervisor already give me the task. I still remember during the first day, I not yet have chance to understand the company and still not know the nature of the company. so, to solve the problem, I needed the help from other colleagues. I asked the colleague about the problem or questions that I did not understand. Fortunately, all of the colleagues were willing to answer my questions and lend their hands to help me. Besides that, I also referred the ISO document of the company to make me more understand the nature of the company and make me find the answer what I want. I felt glad because I have the chance to refer the ISO document and those documents help me so that I can complete the task given by the supervisor in the time given. 2.2 Applications of theory and Soft Skills During the training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, I found that the basic thing I had learned in the classroom is being applied. This gives me an upper hand in understanding things. However, there have still a slightly different when it is apply in the working place, same as mention earlier, what I had learn in classroom is more on theoretical while during in industrial training is more tend to practical. 2.2.1 Introduction To Business Introduction to business is the subject that I have learned during the semester one. This subject let me not feel unfamiliar with the business world when I having the industrial training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd. When doing the assignment of flowchart about the process of selling and buying, the basic of introduction to business help me a lot. For example, I know Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd is a manufacturing company and it is a type of sole trader which is one of the four types of business in this world. In addition, after learn the subject of Introduction to Business, I know every company has different short term and long term goals which are some time known as mission and vision of the company. So, the company always focuses on many methods which can enable the company to achiev and reache those short and long term goals. The concepts of planning, organizing, leading and controlling are used by the company to achieve those goals. Furthermore, I also have the opportunity to learn about business on way to manage business, nature of business and so on. 2.2.2 Principle of Accounting I found that the knowledge I had learned in class and during in the industrial training is different. Although the principle is same, but it still have the differential among what I had learn and what actually in the working place. However, the principle of accounting had developed my further understanding of accounting principles and their application to financial statement. The subject I had learned during in the class really very useful to me and it bring the advantages for me in doing my task during my training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd. What I found that the different between theory that I had done and the practical is during study, what I used to do the transaction of account was using paper work. But during in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, the transaction of account is using UBS, so, at the beginning, I still not familiar on how to see the transaction of account. So, it made me confuse whether I should record the data in either debit or credit. Fortunately, after get the explanation from Ms Salwa, I found that it is as same as what I had learned in class. 2.2.3 Human Resource Management Human Resource Management was one of the subjects I had learned on last semester, so, for me, it is still clear remember in my mind. I found that what I had learned in the subject of Human Resource Management mostly is applied in this company. For example, the company provided training for the employees on the first day of working. Every employee was compulsory to undergo training on the first day of working. The training enable every employee understood and knew about the company and also what law and regulation should follow. Hand out about the company was distributed and the employees were required to answer the simple question according the handout given. I also observed that different department will be given different question to answer. That means the training for employees who worked in different department required to answer different question. The questions were based on the task that they will perform in the working place. 2.2.4 Skill and Technology in Communication Business Communication I had learned Skill and Technology in Communication in second semester while Business Communication is one of the subjects that I had learned in third semester. I felt because I can apply what I had learned in Skill and Technology in Communication Business Communication in the working place. I know the skill on how to communicate with different people. Other than that, I also able to guess what the message that people trying to say according to their gesture and body language. It helped me to avoid do the things that my supervisor did not like and also avoid me to do the wrong thing as well as scold by my supervisor. 2.2.4 International Finance The subject of International Finance made me more easier familiar in the working place. This is because the company can consider as multinational company which has deal with the company from other countries such as Singapore. I still remember the currencies of different countries are not same. So, with the knowledge l learned, I know how to calculate the currency of different country when wanted to make payment. 2.2.5 Ethnic Relation I had learned the subject of Ethnic Relation before I had undergo industrial training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd. so, I know how to stay and communicate with people from different races such as Muslim and Indian. In Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, I found that most of the employees are Muslim. However, I think it is not a problem for me since I always try to make myself at there. I try to adopt myself so that I can stay and work peaceful with the colleagues who are from different races. I always made sure I treat all of the colleagues very well and never mean to them. So, we will go out to have a lunch together at least once a week. It can make our relationship more closely and at the same time I can more understand them. In addition, during the fasting month, I try not to eat or have a drink in front of them as a respect of them. 3.0 Problems and Challenges I faced a lot of problems and challenges when I had my industrial training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd but thanks to Gods I had solve those problem at the end. I found that the first problem I faced was the communication with the other employees. I felt hard to communicate with the colleagues because I was the new trainee in the company and was not familiar with the working environment and other staffs. At the beginning, I felt I can not join with them and just follow what they asked me to do and just complete the work they give me without asking any question and the reason to do so. Fortunately, all of this just happened in the first week because of the unfamiliar with the environment. The next and following week, I felt very comfortable and started familiar with the company and the colleagues and at the same time, I dare to ask the question that I did not understand. Other than that, I found that some of the documents were not filling correctly. So, when wanted to refer back the documents, I found that I needed to use lots of time to find the documents. I also face the problem in filing the documents. For example, when Ms Salwa wanted me to filing the documents, sometime, I did not know which file the documents belong to especially the document related to audit. In the other hands, I also faced problem when doing the cash payment voucher and abnk payment voucher. For example, when wrote the cash payment voucher and give the petty cash for the staff, I face the problem on do not know how many petty cash was needed to give them. The petty cash mostly is used for the purpose of petrol and told fees when there have shipment or other purpose used in small amount. The problem I faced when record the bank payment voucher is some time I did not know which category the payment belong to such as account payable, utilities, and others. the bank payment voucher is issue using the e-management and it can not have any mistake because it will be view by the head department. One of the problems I faced during the two months of working in the company is when I picked up the phone, I always forgot to greeting and say out the company name. Furthermore, at the beginning I scare to pick up the phone because I still not remember all the colleagues, so, it was hard for me to transfer the phone. Fortunately, this problem was happen for the first week, after that, I found that I already familiar with it. Another problem about the telephone is I need to transfer the phone to another colleague but I always forgot the extension number of that colleague. This is because before transfer, I needed to dial the extension. I always must refer the list before transfer those phone. During the almost two months working in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, I found that I had made some mistake but I felt it was not very bad for me. This is because after the mistake will always remind me to not to do it second time. Those problems and challenges will become my valued experience and knowledge in my future workplace. I also realize that if we not ask people when we do not understand, we will easy to do mistake. So, we should not feel shy to ask for people help when we face any problems or challenges. 4.0 Suggestions and Recommendations During the industrial training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd, I found that the company as well as Unimap has the space in doing improvement in several fields. So, I would like to do some suggestions and recommendations to make both company and Unimap more perfect. First of all, it would be more beneficial if the company willing to create more structured training programs. I realize it is not an easier task since the person who responsible to supervise the practical students normally busy with their work burden and this suggestion may bring their work more burdens or may be will be more stress. However, I believe it will not bring the bad effect to them if they plan it effectively. They can spend some time in planning so that it is more comprehensive, structured and organized training for the practical students. To do so, the in charge supervisor can list and arrange the training task which will be performed by the trainees. The work of the supervisor will become easier because the trainee will do the task according to the list and guideline. Therefore, a good training schedule is very important since it can optimize the training period. In addition, if the supervisor really busy with their work, they can let the other colleagues to guide the t rainees by suing the training schedule. This is practice by my supervisor when he is busy. So, most of the time, I worked with Ms Salwa. Other than that, I found that the computer system in the company very slow and old. This is because the computers in the office are still using Microsoft Office 2003 and at the same time, the computer also in old condition and I think it is used more than five years. So, the computer always loading in a longer time and this will affect work performance and I needed to waste much of time in wait the computer 2 loading. Furthermore, the computer some time will shut down by itself suddenly. I will be in trouble if I work in half way and forget to save the document while I was using the computer. This made my work slow down because I needed to restart the computer and then redo the work if I forgot to save it. Besides that, I also should prepare the full set of equipment for the people who first day come to work. I still remember on the first day work in the company, although I have my own table but I found that I did not have key board for my computer. So, I needed the help from IT department to find the keyboard for me. For my suggestion, I think the company should prepare all the equipment and made sure all those equipment must be in good condition before the enter of a new employees instead the company already know the date I register myself to the company. So, they should prepare all the things well before I enter. This can save a lot of time. I can start my work after I enter but not waste the time to find the keyboard. Another problem I faced is I found that some of the files are not label correctly. Although the existing employees already used to it but for the new coming employees like me, we may not find the correct file or the file they want. So, I would like to suggest that the file should label correctly and it will also bring convenience for all the employees and it will save time when want to refer it back. Besides that, I found that some of the documents are not arrange in the good way. They should arrange the document according to the date so that it is easier for the staffs when they want to refer the document back. The staff no needs to spend too much time to find the documents. In the other hands, I would like to suggest Unimap to extend the Industrial training to thee month or above. This is because I found that the two months period is very short and the skill that we can learn is limited because some skill is needed more time to learn. We also cannot join the big project because mostly the big project needs longer time to do the preparation. Furthermore, the two months of industrial training also make me hard to find the company that want to accept me as the trainee. Most of the company I found would not like to accept me with the reason that the period of the industrial training is too short. Most of the companies required the trainee who can work for about three months and above. 3.0 Conclusion I found that having industrial training in Skykod Polyscience Sdn Bhd is a very good opportunity for me. I can gain the unforgettable experience which I cannot learn it from the class during study. The training really widen up my minds on what is mean by working environment. I know the theory that I had learn in class is the different in the real working environment. Now, I know how a finance department looks like and what the working scope when work under finance department is. I can know the procedure needed when want to do a payment. It is not as easy as what I think. It involves many aspects and many departments.